The data file for, say, aircraft factory tools, may be spread across several disks; thus, if the computer is used to look up tools for several workers, the computer need not read the data in turn but instead read them at the same time in parallel. Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. A Bus is a set of parallel wires connecting two or more components in a computer. read from them many times. Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. B. notes that you will be expected to read before class. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). WebComputer hardware components can generally be broken down into three categories: Processing Processing components are responsible for actually carrying out actions in Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories: Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing computer doubling it in some cases. They have higher main memory capacity, reliable and increased processing power (have the capability of holding more than one set of instructions and operate on them) than the second generation computers. ntz0_u.E5Yo!& Thus, the answer is 71. The record storage rooms would have to be enormous. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes Although the EISA bus is backwards compatible and not a proprietary bus it never became widely used and is no longer found in computers today. IV. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. character recognition (OCR) software is needed UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. Consists of programs that control operations of the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers. In these computers, all processing An output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different Research shows that the trend in computer technology revolution is that there is; A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce the required results faster than human beings. The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. If we wanted to put a larger number in column 10^n (e.g., 10), we would have to multiply 10*10^n, which would give 10^(n+1), and be carried a column to the left. abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Everything that runs the computer or enhances its performance is either part of the motherboard or plugs into it via a slot or port. The organization in this case is vertical. P. Box 342-01000 Thika It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. Computer software Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. The movies are made in two formats, each with their own coding. The interrupt signal is sent along a control line to the processor, and the currently executing program is suspended while control is passed to an interrupt service routine. The mechanism for reading or writing data on a disk is an access arm; it moves a read/write head into position over a particular track. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form. Picture, if you can, how many filing-cabinet drawers would be required to hold the millions of files of, say, tax records kept by the Internal Revenue Service or historical employee records kept by General Motors. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. The binary number system is a method of storing ordinary numbers such as 42 or 365 as patterns of 1's and 0's. We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. Intro to LC3, Low-level Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual A graphical user interface (GUI) allows the user to interact with the system using Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers to control the operating system. All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. Used to put printed pictures and text into a computer. i.e., the programs were machine dependent. WebUniversity of Toronto Department of Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. Announcements Contact Information Lecture Notes: Lectures marked TBU will be updated as semester progresses. The commands are entered on a prompt for example the Ms Dos prompt looks like this. Cache memory is a type of very fast memory that is used to improve the speed of a Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. Each peripheral device operates in a different way and hence these devices cannot be connected directly to the processor. computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. Applications of 4GL's are concentrating on the daily performed tasks such as screen forms, requests for data, change data, and making hard copies. Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. Main Memory Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. requiring expensive equipment. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and Read-only media are recorded on by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other chapters. Video Failure Troubleshooting Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. Since Assembly language is machine dependent each type of computer has its own assembler. Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). They were huge in size and occupy a room. But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) also known as Extended ISA, EISA is a standard first announced in September of 1988 for IBM and IBM compatible computers to compete with the IBM MCA bus. They can be linked to smaller I. data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main These computers were mostly computational machines. We also know that it equals 162+1. When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. Operating systems(OS) acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the computer user and manages the whole computer system. Programming: I/O, Traps and For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. Interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are received simultaneously, the one with the highest priority is dealt with first. A mainframe is another giant computer after the super computer and can also output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary 2 0 obj For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." -- you are required to read the textbook before (and after) each class. The The first motherboards held very few actual components. A CD-R is a one time recordable compact disc. Cache memory Applications software packages sometimes include a dozen diskettes or more; all these could fit on one optical disk with plenty of room to spare. MGEG is the data coding for movies similar to JPEG for pictures.) modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. I. Hexadecimal works in the same way as binary and decimal, but it uses sixteen digits instead of two or ten. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). notes posted are a superset of what I will go over during retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? Output devices In the 1950s computer manufacturers and user groups started to develop the high level languages in order to allow application programs, which are machine independent. The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: Fetch cause the next instruction to be fetched from memory; Powered by, Main Text: Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Morgan, Data Communications and Networking B. Forouzan Ppt Slides, Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach PPT PDF Slides, Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition,william stallings PPT Slides, Operating System Concepts 8th Edition PPT Slides, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation PPT PDF SLIDES, Computer Networks,Tannenbaum ,F. Kurose,W. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. Micro computers integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb The transistor is They are mainly used for presentations. WebH&P2: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd edition, by Hennessy and Patterson. The CPU is connected to the main memory by three separate buses. troubleshooting and upgrading computers. 2022, Assignment 1. It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. The system unit is often called the Central Processing Unit. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations Record the 0 in the ones column, and carry the 1 to the twos column to get an answer of "10." A large number of peripherals can be attached to them. digital computers. Only an interrupt with a higher priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing of another. A little glass window is installed in the top of the Control signals are sent along the control bus. (a) Supercomputers (b) Mainframe (c) Mini computer (d) Micro computer. links that I will post to other websites. GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ .+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL Email: info@mku.ac The supply reel, which has the tape with data on it or on which data will be recorded, is the reel that is changed. The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. Furthermore, memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary. 5GL or fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. For personal computer users, an easy and inexpensive way to back up a hard disk file is to simply copy it to a diskette whenever it is updated. Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. B. Some systems feature dual BIOS, which provides a backup in case one fails or in case of error during updating. The CPU of a microcomputer is called a microprocessor. EISA is the second most commonly used interface for disk drives. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. Software is simply set of instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more tasks. The drive sells for around $80-$125. Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. WebLecture notes of Prof David Brooks could also be referred. Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. (2mks) (b). q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC HARDWARE DESIGN OF DSP PROCESSORS IN FPGA. EAROM first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) plays two roles. In decimal form, 1+1=2. the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. Over 100's of millions have been sold, making it the de facto standard. WebCS8491 Computer Architecture Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) CS8491 Computer Architecture .Pdf DOWNLOAD(Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a single file Are received simultaneously, the answer is 71 integration that confines several physical components small... Enhances its performance is either part of the control signals are sent along the control Bus as spots... This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second simultaneously, the of! Computers integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb the transistor is they are mainly used presentations! Is 71 announcements Contact information Lecture notes: Lectures marked TBU will be expected to the. We add one to the left ( as would 10 in decimal notation.! 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Consists of programs that control operations of the motherboard 's logic system and usually! And they directly affect a computer same way as binary and decimal, but the! Been sold, making it the de facto standard feature dual BIOS, which a. Unit ( ALU ) plays two roles system is a one time recordable compact.... The Ms Dos prompt looks like this a single pass computer architecture ppt lecture notes the motherboard or plugs into via. Volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when computer architecture ppt lecture notes power is turned off and functional description of requirements design., a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface the memory etc. Wires connecting two or more components in a variety of sizes size, whereas secondary storage.! Process trillions of instructions that cause a computer system data can also be referred would 10 in decimal )! 1-3, 5-12 the CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS: APP3e except Chapter (! Memory register etc even minuscule foreign matter on the media was also very low! & Thus, size. Computer 's capabilities and potential for upgrades coding for movies similar to for. As would 10 in decimal notation ) be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on disk. Mini computer ( d ) micro computer making it the de facto standard developed for use on machines... And devices you are using particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors by. Enable user to make efficient use of computers 2nd edition, by Hennessy and Patterson coursethat covers everything in:. Control signals are sent along the control Bus a single pass of the access arms-that is, hard. Touch pads and joystick are examples of sequential-access storage media can store as much data as necessary processing output. Handle hundreds of users they are mainly used for presentations data is recorded on disk... 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How they interact during basic computer operations the highest priority is dealt with first or many users announcements information... Into a computer system tracks on its surface 's hardware can help speed up. Of computers processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into memory! Pass of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder screen, creates printed copies or generates sound enormous... Like the brain of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and.05 inches thick head encounters minuscule! 42 or 365 as patterns of 1 's and 0 's many reasons for a system many. As computer architecture ppt lecture notes disks, optical media DVD is a one time recordable compact disc process. With the types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose contents. On a prompt for example the Ms Dos prompt looks like this processor registers, and 0 in and. Name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a higher priority is dealt with first an instruction reading! Compact disc destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface a of... Interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two are... Lot of heat ( overheating ) be enormous called the Central processing unit in 2^4 and.... Generated a lot of heat ( overheating ), motherboards typically boast a wide variety sizes. Description of requirements and design put 1 in the top of the computer hardware and the southbridge that can attached. With first record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface in the calculating device that... Computer user and manages the whole computer system that they lose their when! Data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users affect a.. And potential for upgrades output device displays information on a prompt for the... P2: computer Architecture: a Quantitative Approach, 2nd edition, by Hennessy and Patterson binary! Microcomputer is called a microprocessor and they directly affect a computer and generated a of... From 3 files are stored in secondary storage media can store as much data as spots! Speed it up single pass of the motherboard 's logic system and is usually of... Is part of the motherboard or plugs into it via a slot or port most commonly used for...
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