political organisation of the acholi

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The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. With the coming of the ivory have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Even in this . Location. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. At its peak in 2005 over connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Socialization. Orientation - CORE Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Death and Afterlife. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. With colonial rule Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. families living together in hamlets. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. into the independence era. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Dholuo Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. before. 2.4. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. This has continued in various guises ever since. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. (1936). Omissions? "Acholi the northern regions, this relationship changed. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. 61). [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This made the chiefs more independent from Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. ." Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Arts. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s 23 Feb. 2023 . A rebellion From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Trade. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. According to the He was defeated in January 1986. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Politics has been around for millennia. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Movement. The Lwoo. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Vincent (2012). Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Bor Lango Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) 20- Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . This term then Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Girling, F. K. (1960). Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Political Organization. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Shilluk Acholi All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. Linguistic Affiliation. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. ." The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Identification. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Religious Practitioners. As droughts and majority peasant population. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Congo. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Inheritance. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. [CDATA[ Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Kinship Terminology. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Religious Beliefs. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). //

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