long term responses to iceland volcano 2010nancy pelosi's grandfather
Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Learn. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. 1 / 9. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in Responses. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. Springer, New York, MATH Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. This district is now about 31,000km2. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. People feeling that they didnt get enough information. . It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. Most of the things went very well because the people were really well prepared. Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. Population of Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystra by age and sex. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. 6.8 km. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). The Restless Earth Case Studies. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. Test. CAS The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. Fissure eruptions are common and are frequently observed by NASA. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. This undermines decision making processes . 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". Each household was visited at least twice during the day. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. . Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. (background, Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. 1). The calls are increasing. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. Often causes fires. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. Bass101568. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 ( i.e. the... 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long term responses to iceland volcano 2010